The state-organized parades in the GDR were a conspicuous and typical aspect of
political life in the East; they were frequently portrayed by photographers and
therefore shaped the image of the East in the West.
Nearly every citizen of East Germany will have participated in such parades at
some point in his or her life. On certain significant days, children,
sportsmen/women and factory workers marched with banners along the main streets
of their town or village to a podium where the local party officials (or the
party leaders, in Berlin) were standing. When passing the podium, the marchers
waved to the officials, who waved back. A voice from a loudspeaker would announce
which group was marching and animate the crowd’s cheers.
These parades drew on traditions of the German working-class movement, but they
were also influenced by the Soviet model. In post-war Germany, such parades evoked
memories of National Socialist rituals;
but the party officials did not let this worry them. From the early fifties onward,
the remilitarisation of East German society also left its mark on these parades.
After the founding of an East German Army in 1955, the first military parade in
Germany since the end of Nazi rule took place in East Berlin. Alongside the uniformed
police and army, the youth group members also wore uniform-like clothes for the
parades. Nothing was spontaneous; even the words on the banners were selected by the
Communist Party leadership and made compulsory.
The major occasions for such parades were the traditional workers’ day, 1st May,
the anniversary of the end of World War II, 8th May, the anniversary of the murder
of the founders of the German Communist Party, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on
15th January and visits of important representatives of Communist states. Highest in
the hierarchy of parades was the 1st May. In 1959, the 10th anniversary of the
founding of the GDR was celebrated with numerous, large-scale parades. From then on,
the so-called „birthdays of the republic“ were celebrated in this way every ten years.
ince participation in these parades was on the basis of groups from
individual schools, sports groups, factories etc., it was always possible to check
who took part. Many considered their participation as an unwelcome duty to be
carried out in order to avoid critical questions and perhaps disadvantages later
on. Street parties were organised to make the marches more attractive. The whole
ritual was aimed at expressing harmony and unity between caring rulers and loyal
subjects, but given the rigid rules and the pressure to take part, this was merely
a stage-managed illusion.
The themes of the banners carried in these parades always related to the past or
to the future: they evoked „good“ traditions
(the beginnings of the Communist Party in Germany) and condemned „bad“ ones
(Nazism, which was alway called „Fascism“ in East Germany) or evoked a bright
future (the continuing development of socialism/communism).
The present was only referred to with reference to the West, which was portrayed as
aggressive and belligerent. The real problems of the present East German society
could not be addressed, since people were not allowed to prepare and carry banners
different from the prescribed ones.
Attempts to organize an alternative demonstration were punishable by several laws.
Thus these parades, despite all their revolutionary pathos, always remained the
same and expressed a standstill rather than progress.
Helwig-Wilson took a large number of photographs of parades. The selection presented
here aims to show the variety of associations that such pictures can evoke.
pictures